A study by a team of scientists led by the University of Pretoria (UP) has revealed that the close
interaction of tourists with African penguin chicks could cause stress among these birds.
The stress could result in immunosuppression, leaving them susceptible to disease, while their reproductivity
could be reduced, warn the scientists. The endangered African penguin is found in South Africa and Namibia
and has become a popular attraction in the Western Cape. Its population sizes have decreased dramatically
over the past four decades and the birds face the threat of extinction.
The study – titled “Urofaecal glucocorticoid metabolite (ufGCM) concentrationsin African penguin (Spheniscus
demersus) chick populations experiencing different levels of human disturbance” – was recently published in
the journal Conservation Physiology. It involved the work of Dr Juan Scheun, a research fellow at the Mammal
Research Institute at UP; Professor Andre Ganswindt, Director of the institute; and scientists from Exeter
University in the UK, the University of the Western Cape and Nelson Mandela University.
“The team conducted a study of the stress-related hormone levels of chicks at three sites within two breeding
colonies on Robben Island and in Stony Point,” Dr Scheun says. “Both had varying levels of exposure to
tourism.”
The Stony Point African penguin colony is next to a residential area in Betty’s Bay, in the Western Cape. The
site was first colonised by the African penguin in 1982 and became one of the largest breeding colonies in
South Africa. The African penguin colony at Robben Island in Table Bay was recolonised in 1983 after a 180-
year absence of the species at the study site. “In total, 320 000 tourists travel to the island annually to visit several historical landmarks,” Dr Scheun says.
“Faecal samples from penguin chicks were collected to analyse stress-related hormone levels to understand
the adrenocortical functions of penguins, especially when their environment appeared to be threatened by
humans and their activities.”
They found that unpredictable human presence was likely responsible for the increase in stress-related
hormone levels in chicks. Other factors, like food shortages, may also be contributing to these elevated levels.
The presence of overzealous tourists at the penguin breeding colonies, in particular, could be causing stress
among the chicks. “Tourist groups sometimes get too close to the penguins and feed them; they also get close
to take photographs,” Dr Scheun and Prof Ganswindt say.
Dr Scheun adds that African penguin chicks are unable to avoid the strain brought on by the presence of
humans. “Chicks can’t swim yet (like their parents can), nor can they move with speed across the terrestrial
landscape to escape a stressor,” he says. “In a sense, they have to ride it out.”
To protect the well-being of these chicks, Dr Scheun and Prof Ganswindt are calling for a limitation on the
number of tourists who visit these penguin colonies. “The management of tourism sites should attempt to
minimise all forms of activity around important breeding colonies that are not already exposed to regular
tourism,” they say. “There should also be legislation in place to help with this. If you have a fragile African
penguin population, you might want to consider restricting the number of visitors for the benefit of these
birds.”
The scientists, however, also recognise that tourism is important for wildlife conservation, which is why they
are suggesting that accessto colonies be guided, and that tour guides be informed of what they can and cannot
do in order to lessen the impact on the bird colony. This includes not taking visitors too close to the penguins.
“Although the results of this study are crucial for developing enhanced conservation and management
protocols, additional research on the long-term effect of human activities on African penguin physiology is
required,” Dr Scheun says. Prof Ganswindt adds that while a more comprehensive study would have been
necessary to gauge the impact on the African penguin population level, these shorter examinations already
show that human presence is usually not well perceived by wildlife.
“For ongoing conservation purposes, it would be helpful to monitor the long-term effects of the stress
responses of various ages in this species, as stress physiology may change during development,” Prof
Ganswindt says. “For example, an adult penguin might perceive human disturbance differently when exposed
to a stressor than a sub-adult or a chick.”
